Yaya lambar rana wadanda suka faruwa na gida na steel na kuma suka faruwa?

Fahimtar Daga Zamanin Haɗa: Zamani na Haɗa da Zamani na Amfani da Aiki na Gida na Fulani na Fulu

Yaya standadun ayyukan (ASTM, AISI, ISO) su bayyana zamani na haɗa, zamani na amfani da aiki, da kuma yadda ake gano kamar yadda ya kamata a yi shugaban

Kudin kuma kudin daga ASTM International, American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), da International Organization for Standardization (ISO) suka saba amfanin yadda ake gudanen bayanin tsarin. Bayanin tsarin na fasalai na shi ne ya zama 50 shekara per ISO 15686 da AISC 360—wanda aka fassara shi ne kamar yadda ake gudanen bayanin tsarin wanda ya kamata ya ci gaba da 50 shekara kafin ya faru wani abu da ke nufin safty da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi a matsayin mamaki. Yadda ake gudanen bayanin tsarin shine abu da ake lissafi; amma yadda ake amfani da shi shine abu da ake duba yadda ake gudanen bayanin tsarin kafin ya faru wani abu da ke nufin safty da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi a matsayin mamaki. Kudin gudanen bayanin tsarin shine abu da ke nufin safty: abubuwan da ba su fasalai ba kamar panelin gida suna bukatar an jinya su kafin 20 zuwa 30 shekara, amma fasalai na shi ne ya zama 100 shekara kafin ya faru wani abu da ke nufin safty idan ake gudanen bayanin tsarin da ke nufin safty. Dubawa ta yadda ake gudanen bayanin tsarin da ke nufin safty da ke nufin ASTM A6 tana taimaka wajen gudanen bayanin tsarin da ke nufin safty kafin ya faru wani abu da ke nufin safty da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi a matsayin mamaki.

Wata na yadda ake amfani da shi ya zama ƙarfi: gida na koyaya, gida na kafa, da gida na kafa na kwayoyin kafin kafa

Kullum kuma na gida—wanda ake amfani da shi a ƙarfi mai tsoro wajen ruwa—yana da kyakkyawan yadda yake iya samun 50–70+ shekara na amfani. Kullum kuma na agro-kimiyya suna da matsaloli mai yawa daga ammonia, ruwa, da sauyin hanyar yaki, amma idan aka zauna abin da ke cikin kuma ake amfani da shi da kuma ake gudanar da sauyin hanyar yaki, suna samun 40–60 shekara. Kullum kuma na agro-kimiyya na gida na sika mai gano, wanda ya ƙara tushen yaki a cikin gida da kuma yadda yake iya samun ƙarfi na gida, yana da kyakkyawan yadda yake iya samun 50–80 shekara. A duk wadannan halali, ƙarfi na gida ta hanyar sika ta zama mafi kyawu don 100 shekara; amma wani abu ne wanda ya ƙara tushen yaki da kuma abubuwan da suka gabata—ba ƙarfi na gida ba—wanda ya ƙara tushen yaki. Abin da ke farko ne wanda ya ƙara tushen yaki shine gudanar da sauyin hanyar yaki: amincewa ta shekara ga kullum kuma na agro-kimiyya da kuma amincewa ta biyu shekara ga kullum kuma na gida. Bayani na halali yana nuna cewa, idan aka gudanar da sauyin hanyar yaki a kullum kuma na agro-kimiyya, sauyin hanyar yaki na gida, sauyin hanyar yaki na gida, da kuma sauyin hanyar yaki na gida, yana iya samun 60 shekara ba tare da kara tushen yaki ko kara tushen yaki.

Uku Kudin Muna Taimaka Wani Gwamnati Na Satali Da Yawa

Koreshin Zunzua: Sistamu Na Kofa, Kwalitas Na Galvanization, Da Klassifikashin Na Tsawon Bayan

Kurushin zai suya ne mai yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka sa kariya daga wani lokaci ta yau da kullum. Hot-dip galvanizing ya saba da zinc layer wanda ya haɗa da steel ba tare da kariya ba, kuma ya baiwa protection wanda ya ƙara da steel. A cikin ISO 9223, coating thickness na 85 µm ya baiwa karin 50 shekara na service wanda ba za a yi maintenance ba a rural (C2) environments—kuma 20 zuwa 30 shekara a industrial ko coastal (C4–C5) zones. Ya kamata mu haɗa coating system da local exposure classification: don marine ko highly corrosive sites, duplex system (galvanized base plus high-performance organic topcoat) ya ƙara da protection ta yau da kullum. Wani abu din da ke cikin ƙarfi shine quality control—uniformity da adhesion na zinc layer su kare kurushin a cikin wani lokaci ta yau da kullum a cikin wani karami ko cut edges. Zinc-aluminum-magnesium alloys su kashe self-healing properties a cikin wani karami, kuma su kare lifecycle risk da cost. Ya kamata mu zaɓe coating weight da system wanda ke cikin ƙarfi don climate na site don kare structural frame da kare decades na reliable service.

Kamalinsin na ƙarfi: kariya ta yin rarraba, tsarin taimakawa ga ruwa, kariya ta daga abin da ya zama mafi kyau, da kuma tsarin da ke ba da aiki ga afan

Karama na fasahar ƙaramar yadda ake ƙara (0.0000065 in/in/°F) na shinkafa yana nufin ƙaramar ƙaramar wani abu ya zama ƙarami—daga cikin ƙaramar 100 feet, shi zai kara ko yana gudan yana da ƙarami ne da ƙarami 0.8 inch don ƙaramar yadda ake ƙara 100°F—wanda ke saukaka tattaunawa na kofin da ke taimakawa ga tsayayyen karamin karama. Tattalin arziki na ruwa ta hanyar bayanin da aka yi: karamin ruwa mai tsayi, kofin da ke kara, da kofin da ke da fari ya kara ruwa ke taimakawa wajen kare ruwa da ke zama mafi kyau don kare karamin ko kofin da ke kara. Don haka, shinkafa shine abu mai karami, wanda ba za a iya kara ko kara da karamin karama ko karamin karama—wanda ke kare aminci na karamin karama. Kofin da ke da karamin karama—da karamin karama, kofin da ke da karamin karama, ko kofin da ke da karamin karama—suna amfani da ASTM E119 don kare karamin karama, wanda ke nufin karamin karama daga 1 zuwa 2 awa don kare karamin karama a lokacin da ke kara. Duk wadannan karama suna nufin cewa gida zai kara da karamin karama, karamin ruwa, karamin karama, da karamin karama ba tare da karamin karama.

Matsirin da Kofin: Ingilishi Taimanin da Kullum Daga Wadanda Suka Tsara Gwamnati Na Satali

Kuma Farko Na Aiki: Galvalume® vs. G90 galvanized vs. ceramic-polymer hybrid coatings

Sisitemin tashin kariya yana ƙarƙashin ƙaramin gaskiya wanda ke shirya tsayin kariya ta hanyar fasahar jiki na sika, Galvalume®, wanda ke cikin 55% aluminum, 43.4% zinc, da 1.6% silicon, ya ba mu kariya mai kyau ga kariya ta farko da aiki na sa kuma ya ba mu 40 zuwa 50 makamashi ko kamar haka a duniya mai zafi zuwa mai zafin kwayoyi. G90 galvanized—a hot-dip zinc coating applied at 0.90 oz/ft²—ya ba mu kariya mai kyau da kariya mai kyau wanda ke taimaka wajen kariya ta kariya, wanda ke dauke da 30 zuwa 40 makamashi a duniya mai zafi ko a duniya mai kariya. Ceramic-polymer hybrid coatings sun haɗa abubuwan ceramic a cikin matrix na polymer, wanda suka ba mu kariya mai kyau ga UV, kariya mai kyau ga launin kariya, da kariya mai kyau ga kimiyar da salt—wanda suka yi shi mafi kyau don duniya mai kariya, duniya mai kariya, ko duniya mai kariya wanda aka sanin 50 makamashi ko kamar haka. Zaman lafiya na kariya ta haɗa kariya da bukatar duniya kuma ta fuskanta kariya na kariya, kariya na kariya, da kariya na kariya.

Sannan ya zama mamaki: 40+ sanan tattaunawa na gida na sika ta hanyar tattaunawa

Gidan gudanarwa na Midwest (1978–yanzu): amfani da karamar gudanarwa, amfani da kayan bayani na gudanarwa, da bayanin gudanarwa na gida

Gwamnati na 46 ga kasa na Midwest ta nuna yadda ingantaccen ingantace da kira ta zama mai tsayi wajen lokaci. Ta fara ayyukan a shekara ta 1978 kamar gida na 50,000-square-foot wanda aka tsofafa a cikin kasa, kuma ta kammala talata hukuncin koroshi da ta saba da sauyin amfani da kira daga lokacin ta fara. A cikin tattaunawa ta kira ta nuna cewa ba a gane kadan daga zinc (zink) a cikin G90 galvanized coating—ba a gane kuskur ne ko kuskur da ke zama kusa—daga lokacin ta fara har zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kashe lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi da salt na kofin kudin da kushe na kafin rana. Amfani da kira ta fara da karami: a cikin kowane shekara ta fara da karami na biyu, a cikin kowane shekara ta 7 ta fara da karami na kofin kudin da kushe, da karami na kofin kudin da kushe na kofin kudin da kushe, wanda ya kashe kadan daga 0.2% na bayanin kira na farko a kowane shekara. Tattaunawan kira—kamar 3D laser scanning da live-load deflection testing—ta nuna cewa duk kofin kudin da kushe suna cikin 2 mm na farko, da kofin kudin da kushe ta kammala 90 mph wind gusts a shekara ta 2011 ba su gane kuskur. Kamar yadda ake gani, gida ta kammala ASCE 7-22 wind da snow load standards—ta nuna cewa gida na kofin kudin da kushe ta iya kammala lokacin ta 50 a kofin kudin da kushe ta 50 ta kofin kudin da kushe.

Sashen Tambayoyi

Shin nawa yana ƙarƙashin farko na tsarin da farko na amfani?

Farko na tsarin shine ƙarƙashin ƙananan lokaci da ke bayyana cewa tsarin ya zama mafi kyau don amfani da shi kuma yana taimaka wajen sauyin gaba daya, amma farko na amfani yana nuna hanyar amfani na tsarin har zuwa lokacin da ke bukatar sauyin gaba daya.

Kamar yadda yake yanzu tsarin na satali da aka bincika zai iya dura?

Daga cikin amfani da sauyin gaba daya, tsarin na satali na farko zai iya zama mafi kyau don amfani da shi kafin 100 shekara, amma abubuwan da suka gabata tsarin kamar kofin da kofin zai bukatar sauyin gaba daya a lokacin da ke zama 20 zuwa 30 shekara.

Wane abubuwa na gida suka yi tasiri akan tsari na tsarin na satali da aka bincika?

Abubuwan da suka gabata gida kamar rarraba, abubuwan da suka gabata tsarin, da sauyin hagu suka yi tasiri akan tsari. Gidan da aka gabata zai iya taimaka wajen sauyin gaba daya, amma gida na kofin ko gida na asibiti zai bukatar sauyin gaba daya da sauyin gaba daya.

Wane tsarin na sauyin gaba daya zai iya taimaka wajen sauyin gaba daya?

Sistemu na duplex (wanda suka da base na galvanized da kuma topcoat na organic wanda ta zama ƙarfi, da kuma ceramic-polymer hybrid coatings) suna da kyau don al’adu na corrosion wanda suka yawa, wanda suka ba da taimakawa da kariya da kariya.

Ana kula a cikin gida na steel wanda aka tsara a baya (prefabricated) domin abubuwan da suka dace da kariya da kariya?

Ee, steel ita ce abu na inorganic kuma ita ba ta dace da termites, rot, da kuma fungal decay, wanda ya kare waɗan abubuwa wanda suka dace da kariya da kariya na chemical preservatives.